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+---
+title: "Flow allocation"
+author: "Dimitri Staessens"
+#description: protocols
+date:  2020-01-17
+weight: 30
+draft: false
+description: >
+     The most important concept in Ouroboros
+---
+
+Arguably the most important concept to grasp in Ouroboros is flow
+allocation.[^1] It is the process by which a pair of programs agree to
+start sending and receiving data. A flow is always unicast, thus
+between a source program and a destination program, and is always
+established from the source. Flows are provided by unicast layers, and
+the endpoints of the flows are accessible for reading and writing by
+the requesting processes using an identifier called a _flow
+descriptor_. Think of a file descriptor but just for Ouroboros flows.
+Maybe one important thing to keep in mind: in Ouroboros terminology, a
+flow does not imply ordering or reliable transfer. It just denotes the
+network resources inside a layer that are needed for forwarding
+packets from a source to a destination in a best effort way.
+
+{{<figure width="60%" src="/docs/concepts/fa_1.jpg">}}
+
+The figure above gives an example. There are 2 systems, and each
+system has an Ouroboros IRMd and a unicast IPCP. These IPCPs work
+together to create a logical "layer".  System 1 runs a "client"
+program, System 2 runs a "server" program.
+
+We are going to explain in some detail the steps that Ourobros takes
+to establish a flow between the "client" and "server" program so they
+can communicate.
+
+The three subcomponents inside the IPCP that are of interest to us are
+the Directory (DIR), the Flow Allocator (FA) and the Data Transfer
+component (DT).
+
+The DT component is at the heart of the network functionality in the
+layer. It is a protocol machine responsible for forwarding packets and
+maintains a forwarding table that maps destination addresses to lower
+layer flows. [^2] The name of the DT is what is generally considered the
+"address" of the IPCP. [^3] In the example, IPCP 1 has address 720,
+and IPCP 2 address 1000. If DT 720 receives a packet for DT 1000, it
+will know how to forward it to 1000 and vice versa. I will not go into
+the details of how routing information is distributed, suffice to say
+it's similar in operation to the IS-IS protocol. The only other thing
+that is of current interest is the protocol format of the DT
+component. The DT protocol has [5 fields](../protocols) [^4]:
+
+```
+DST | TTL | QoS | ECN | EID |
+```
+
+To understand the flow allocation procedure, we need to consider only
+2 of these fields, the destination address (DST), and the endpoint ID
+(EID). I will denote the relevant packet header information for DT in
+the format __DST:EID__ So, __1000:78__ would indicate a packet
+destined for IPCP 2 with EID 78. EID's are a bit like a tcp port, but
+they are not well-known (i.e. there is no IANA in Ouroboros). The flow
+allocation process will assign the EIDs.
+
+The directory (DIR) component keeps a mapping of registered hashes to
+DT names (addresses). For the server application to be reachable over
+a layer, the DIR component in its IPCPs will have to know this
+mapping. In our example, the server, which is named server is known by
+the layer to be at location 1000. The interface to register a name is
+actually using hashes, so "server" is hashed (by default an SHA3-256
+hash) to _d19778d2_[^5] and a mapping (_d19778d2_, 1000) is kept in the
+directory. The default implementation for the DIR component in the
+Ouroboros IPCP is a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) based on the Kademlia
+protocol.
+
+The third subcomponent in the IPCP that is relevant here -- the most
+important one -- is the Flow Allocator (FA). This component is
+responsible for implementing the requested flows, in our case between
+"client" and "server". It needs to establish some shared state between
+the two endpoints. A (bidirectional) flow is fully identified in a
+layer by a 4-tuple (A1,X,A2,Y) containing two addresses and two EIDs,
+in our example A1=720 and A2=1000).  This 4-tuple needs to be known at
+both endpoints to identify where to send the packets it receives from
+the higher-layer application (the client), and to deliver packets that
+it reads from a lower layer flow. The flow allocation protocol is
+responsible to send this information. It is a request-response
+protocol. The flow allocator is identified by the DT component as EID
+0. So, all packets in the layer with DT header __DST:0__ are delivered
+to the flow allocator inside the destintation IPCP.
+
+When the source FA in IPCP 1 receives a request for a flow to
+"server", it will query its DIR for _d197782_ and receive 1000 as the
+response and it will generate an EID (X) for the flow. Let's assume
+X=75. The flow allocation request protocol message from FA 1 to FA 2
+looks like __1000:0:REQ:720:75:d19778d2__, and when FA 2 received this
+message, it will generate its EID, let's say 81 and send the following
+response to FA 1: __720:0:RESP:75:81__.  REQ and RESP are internal
+codes to identify a request and reponse (0 and 1 respectively). From
+this small exchange both flow allocators can now identify the flow.
+
+Finally, there is the IRMd in each system. The IRMd should be seen as
+part of the operating system. One of its tasks is to map process IDs
+(PIDs) of a process to names. In our example above, the IRMd in System
+two will have a mapping that maps _d19778d2_ to the PID of
+"server". When the "server" program calls the Ouroboros
+_flow\_accept()_ routine, the IRMd knows that when there is an
+incoming flow allocation request, the "server" process can handle
+it. Populating this mapping in the IRMd is a process we call _binding_
+a name to a process.
+
+Let's now go step-by-step through the full flow allocation process in
+the example above.
+
+{{<figure width="60%" src="/docs/concepts/fa_2.jpg">}}
+
+The first few steps are shown in the figure above. The client
+application requests a flow to "server" to the Ouroboros IRMd using
+the _flow\_alloc()_ call __(1)__. Now the IRMd will ask the layers in
+the system if they know that name "server", indirectly by using the
+SHA3-256 hash, _d1977d2_ __(2)__. The hash algorithm that a layer uses
+is configurable, and the IRMd is informed of the hash algorithm to use
+when an IPCP joins a layer (at bootstrap or enrollment). In our case,
+the layer shown will respond to the query with "True" __(3)__, (multiple
+layers can respond true, and then the IRMd will choose one, usually
+the "lowest" in rank). Note that the results of these queries can be
+cached locally in the IRMd to speed up the process.
+
+So, now that the IRMd knows that the layer in the figure knows the
+destination program, it can send a flow allocation request to the
+layer. But first, it will start creating some local resources: the
+flow endpoint, indicated by a flow_id (FID) __(4)__. It contains a set of
+ring-buffers in shared memory that contain pointer information on
+where to read/write the next packet. The FID will be in _PENDING_
+state [^6].
+
+{{<figure width="60%" src="/docs/concepts/fa_3.jpg">}}
+
+When the FID resources are ready, the IRMd sends a _FLOW\_ALLOC_ to
+the IPCP with the pending FID as endpoint __(5)__. The FA in IPCP 1
+will create a _flow descriptor_ for this flow [^7], let's say 75
+__(6)__. All packets that are written by the IPCP to fd 75 can be read
+from FID 9. Now, a couple of paragraphs ago I mentioned that the FA
+will generate an EID for the flow. In the implementation, the EID for
+the flow equals the fd. So packets coming from within the layer with
+EID 75 will be written to this flow.
+
+This is the point where the FA will do the flow allocation protocol
+exchange already described above. The destination hash is resolved
+from the directory to the destination IPCP address, 1000, and the
+following flow allocation request message is sent over the DT
+component to the destination IPCP: __1000:0:REQ:720:75:d19778d2__ __(7)__.
+
+{{<figure width="60%" src="/docs/concepts/fa_4.jpg">}}
+
+We can now turn our attention to System 2, which receives this request
+message on IPCP 2. The DT header contains __1000:0__ which has the
+correct address (1000) and EID 0, which indicates the packet should be
+delivered to the flow allocator.  So the FA interprets the following
+information from the received packet: There is a flow allocation
+request for the hash _d19778d2_ coming from source 720 on remote EID
+75.
+
+Now it send a _FLOW\_ALLOC\_REQ()_ message to the IRMd __(8)__. The
+IRMd has in its process table an entry that says that there is a
+process that listens to this hash. It will create a flow endpoint, for
+instance with FID=16 __(9)__ and respond to the IPCPd that the flow is
+accepted with FID=16 __(10)__. The _flow\_accept()_ call on the server
+side will return with an fd=71 that points to the FID 9. From this
+point on, the server can use the flow __(11)__.
+
+The flow allocator in IPCP 2 can now complete its enpoint
+configuration. It will create a mapping [S_EID -> R_ADDR, R_EID], in
+this case [81 -> 720, 75]. So all packets that it reads from EID 81
+will get a header __720:75__ from the DT component __(12)__. It will
+now complete the flow allocation protocol and send a response message
+that flow allocation succeeded. The contents of this message is
+__720:0:RES:75:81__ __(13)__. This concludes all operations on the
+server side.
+
+{{<figure width="60%" src="/docs/concepts/fa_5.jpg">}}
+
+Back to the client. The FA in System 1 receives the packet, and from
+EID 0 knows it is for the flow allocator, which gets its last piece of
+information: the remote EID for the flow, 81. It can now create its
+own mapping, [75->1000, 81] __(14)__ and respond to its IRMd that the
+flow is created __(15)__. The IRMd will change the state of the flow
+from _PENDING_ to _ALLOCATED_ __(16)__ and the _flow\_accept()_ call
+on the client program will return with an FD for the flow. The flow is
+now allocated.
+
+So, from now on, communication between the server and the client is
+pretty straightforward. Data is written to some shared memory in an
+buffer that allows for some space to prepend headers and append
+CRCs. To avoid memory copies, pointers to these locations are passed
+over the ringbuffers in the flow endpoints to the IPCP, which reads
+the pointers, adds headers in the right location, and then uses the
+same procedure to pass it onto the next layer towards the destination.
+The translation of the header is an O(1) lookup on the send side, and
+a nop on the receiver side (since FD == EID and it's passed in the
+packet).
+
+[^1]: This concept is also present in RINA, but there are
+differences. This only applies to Ouroboros.
+
+[^2]: This is a recursive network, adjancencies in layer N are
+implemented as flows in layer N - 1.
+
+[^3]: If there is one DT, it is what is usually considered a "flat"
+address. More complex addressing schemes are accomplished by having
+more of these DT components inside one IPCP. But this would lead us
+too far.
+
+[^4]: I will explain QoS in a different post.
+
+[^5]: In full:
+d19778d2e34a1e3ddfc04b48c94152cced725d741756b131543616d20f250f31.
+
+[^6]: Note that the _flow\_alloc()_ call __1__ is currently
+blocking. Asynchronous allocation implementation is on the TODO list.
+
+[^7]: All this mapping of fd's is done by the library that is used by
+all Ouroboros programs.
\ No newline at end of file
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diff --git a/content/en/docs/Concepts/protocols.md b/content/en/docs/Concepts/protocols.md
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--- a/content/en/docs/Concepts/protocols.md
+++ b/content/en/docs/Concepts/protocols.md
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ author: "Dimitri Staessens"
 #description: protocols
 date:  2019-09-06
 #type:  page
+weight: 20
 draft: false
 description: >
     A brief introduction to the main protocols.